Trailblazers at Duke-NUS: Meet seven women who are redefining science
 By Nicole Lim, Senior editor 

What does a life in science look like? Seven women share a slice of their research lives at Duke-NUS, shaped by where they stand in their careers. From a tenacious MD-PhD student to a tenured professor, their journeys reveal the challenges, breakthroughs and resilience as these women pursue new knowledge that will help to improve lives.

To mark International Women’s Day, MEDICUS senior editor Nicole Lim spoke to these women about their diverse journeys, bold ambitions and the enduring impact of their work on the world—and each other. Together, they remind us that progress is built as much on ideas as the individuals who bring them to life.



He Menglan: An aspiring clinician-scientist ready to change medicine

“When you are treating a real patient, you can identify a research gap that may not be picked up by scientists only working in the lab. That perfect marriage between science and medicine inspired me to consider a career as a clinician-scientist.”

He Menglan

She may still be in the midst of her PhD, but thirty-year-old He Menglan has already had her first taste of pursuing research that can change lives.

“We recently discovered that mutations in a lipid transporter that we’ve been studying can cause an ultra-rare disease in humans,” explained the MD-PhD student, who is part of Professor David Silver’s group at Duke-NUS.

The disease, caused by defects in a single gene, is one of more than 70 forms of lysosomal storage disease, a group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders that cause a buildup of toxic materials in the body’s cells and organs. After He and the team published their finding, a mother of two boys living with that very genetic mutation reached out to them, sparking a collaboration between the Duke-NUS lab, the treating physician and the family.

“So now I am trying to figure out the disease mechanism, so that we can better understand the disease and hopefully find some treatments for it,” added He.

While this connection with patients was a serendipitous event, He hopes that she, too, will one day be able to proactively identify gaps in clinical care that can be bridged through research—a career trajectory that was inspired by American biologist and paediatric surgeon Judah Folkman, who had to decide whether to keep helping one child at a time or dedicate more time to a novel area of research.

“At that time, the general consensus in science was that cancer is genetic, no one had looked at the blood vessels and how the micro environment affects the cancer. So, he took on this difficult topic. To do that, he had to make a tough choice,” said He. (Folkman in the end devoted more time to his research, and is now known as a pioneer in the field of angiogenesis.)

For now, though, He is taking it one step at a time: “So, while I’m doing my PhD, I want to do good science. When I’m back to clinical work, I want to be a good doctor. Once I have the skillsets for both, that’s when I can make a choice how to apply both.”



Chandrika Ramakrishnan: Leveraging change to pursue her north star

“With science, you are versatile and can jump to any field. But with a non-scientific background, you have limitations to enter the scientific field.”

Chandrika Ramakrishnan

Finding opportunities is a skill, much more so creating new ones and building a career from them. But it is a skill that Dr Chandrika Ramakrishnan has honed over more than two decades as she and her family pursued opportunities across Asia.

The clinician, who was deeply inspired by her first mentor, the renowned physician-scientist Dr V Mohan, left behind a career as a diabetologist when she and her husband moved to Singapore. And it wasn’t just a new home that awaited them in Singapore.

“Within a few months of landing, I found out I was pregnant,” recalled Chandrika, whose young family spent some three years in Singapore.

Having uprooted once, the young family soon found themselves moving between major cities—spending several stints in cities like Hong Kong and Bangkok, each with its own employment laws and local languages. To build a career amidst these ever-changing circumstances, Chandrika decided to start creating opportunities for herself that would lead her, one step at a time, towards her long-held goal of pursuing research.

“My first mentor, Dr Mohan, influenced me in a lot of ways. He taught me the nuances of clinical care and instilled a research mindset,” she shared.

Step one was a master’s in public health at the University of Hong Kong. “I was the oldest student in my cohort,” she said. “But that didn’t matter to me, I just needed to do something more and the love for studying took precedence.”

She forged her second step when the family was in Bangkok, teaching post-graduate students, running research seminars and editing manuscripts.

“It was just a job, not a career, but it got me my foot in the door,” said Chandrika.

When the family moved, again—this time to settle in Singapore, their now home—Chandrika reached out to her network and was put in touch with Professor Tazeen H Jafar, whose team she joined as a research assistant in 2016—she finally had reached the start of the research career ladder.

Today, Chandrika is a research fellow with the Lien Centre for Palliative Care, and is a proud recipient of a National Medical Research Council Clinician-Scientist New Investigator Grant.

“I may be more than a decade older than my peers, but I still feel full of energy. The drive is still in me to achieve things, after all, I only just got started!”

Pulling herself not just onto the academic career ladder but gaining a firm foothold as she climbed the rungs in the career she had long aspired to, took grit, determination and a good eye for opportunity—as well as a dash of courage. 

Her advice to others? Find a career mentor early on, develop your leadership skills and embrace the opportunities life offers.



Ng Wy Ching: To go far, surround yourself with supportive, like-minded people

“There wasn’t one person who inspired me to do science, but along the way I met people who kept me in science.”

Ng Wy Ching

For Ng Wy Ching, going into science was an easy choice: “Science came naturally to me but it is the people I met along the way who kept me in this career.”

The senior research fellow credits her PhD supervisor as well as her current PI, Professor Ooi Eng Eong, in whose lab she has been working for the past almost nine years, for motivating her in this career.

“His passion for science is really inspiring. He loves to push boundaries and challenge what people already know,” said Ng, whose research focuses on scrutinising the genome of dengue viruses to tease out whether—and if so, which—genetic differences determine how severe the infection will be.

While her aspirations to pursue good science haven’t changed, Ng said that when her first child was born, she did worry about what that would mean for her career. “Without family nearby and my husband still in radiology training, I didn’t know what to expect. But I have a very understanding boss, great friends and very supportive colleagues, so that helped,” said the Malaysian, who is married to a Duke-NUS MD-PhD alumnus.

Her journey has been—and continues to be—difficult at times. Ng, who now has two boys, aged four months and three years, said: “We’re a young family and we’re navigating all of this. It is a lot but I guess you make it work.”

But she has discovered some unexpected parallels between science and parenting: “Your toddler always picks the moment when you’re in a rush to have a tantrum, right? It’s the same with science. If you rush an experiment, it’s not going to work.

“What motherhood has taught me is to have patience.And plan and communicate well. That’s the best way to get to where you’re going—with kids and science.”

And one day, she hopes these lessons will help her make a scientific discovery that will translate into better clinical care for patients with dengue.



Zhou Jin: Ready to take on the challenges of an independent career

“Science is really a tough journey, but it’s my choice. It is about exploring the unknown. It’s a journey full of surprise and excitement.”

Zhou Jin

As a principal research scientist, Zhou Jin is on the cusp of becoming a fully independent scientist. The good thing about that is that she can set her own research direction. “The challenge is making it through. The next two, or three, years will be quite critical to becoming an independent PI.”

Surrounded by senior faculty who are willing to share career as well as research advice, and colleagues from whom she draws inspiration, Zhou is in an environment that gives her the best shot at achieving her goal: “I appreciate the mentoring culture here. And that we have lots of training programmes to equip us with some of the soft skills that we need for later in our careers,” said Zhou.

While research comes with its fair share of disappointments and frustrations when experiments don’t go as planned, Zhou is passionate about a career in science: “Overcoming these difficult moments is very rewarding. And when things finally come together, those breakthrough moments and that sense of fulfilment keep me on this journey.”

What makes those moments all the sweeter is her faith in the scientific approach. Redo the experiment, review the hypothesis, and find new inspiration from the literature—those are all part of what gives her a sense of achievement.

And just as she’s advancing in her career, Zhou’s dreams continue to grow, too. “My PhD was in anti-tumour pharmacology, so my dream was to develop anti-cancer drugs that could benefit patients. But later on, I switched to studying metabolism because we are what we eat.”

Reflecting on the climb up the academic career mountain, Zhou who has two teenage daughters, hopes that more can be done to support young parents: “Early motherhood, which coincided with my postdoc years, significantly delayed my career. So the one thing that I would like to see is more flexibility in the fellowships and grants for female scientists during those years so that we can better combine parenthood with pursuing science.”



Ann-Marie Chacko: Silence self-doubt, speak up, find your champions 

“I wanted to create my lab as a space where people do what they love while focusing on our team’s mission of impact, together.”

Ann Marie Chacko

Walk along the Level 7 corridor in Duke-NUS, and the burst of colour from one particular office is sure to catch your eye. Canvases awash in myriad blues, icy whites and glimmers of gold swirl with ethereal movement, charming you through the door, an extension of the person within.

“From first impressions, people might think I have it all figured out,” said Assistant Professor Ann-Marie Chacko, the creator of that unique space. “But honestly, there are moments of intense self-doubt.”

Chacko joined Duke-NUS from the US ten years ago, hired specifically to run a new joint corporate lab under the National Research Foundation Corp Lab @ University scheme, leading research collaborations and services in an academic setting. “It was a trial by fire in so many ways, being new to Singapore, but then learning business, finance and contracting, when this was my first job,” she said. “I knew my science but wow, all this responsibility!”

When the joint lab ended, Chacko pivoted to create her own independent research lab, the Laboratory for Translation and Molecular Imaging, specialising in nuclear medicine. “Simply put, we are developing radioactive molecules that can noninvasively detect disease and treat disease,” explained Chacko, with her lab’s focus on creating innovations for cancer and viral infection.

Drawing on her scientific expertise as a chemist and pharmacologist, and her newly acquired business acumen, she plugs into more than just government funding to advance her research: “I am a believer in adding value to research through partnerships, including industry. Hence, it was important to me to maintain the service element of my lab to facilitate the really exciting science here in Singapore and beyond.”

And being one of the few labs licensed to handle radioactive materials, her team’s expertise are in high demand as they advance the field of radiotheranostics. “It’s about thinking outside the box as I try to balance the needs of the community with the need to create impact in my own research programme, in consideration of my career advancement and that of my trainees.”

Looking back at the ingredients essential to her success, Chacko notes that learning how to silence self-doubt was—and still is—the biggest internal challenge.

“It’s recalling that you’ve come so far and you have achieved so much,” she said.

But having champions around you is also important: “We hear a lot about mentorship and mentors are important as they guide you through the swampy waters,” she said. “But who is your champion when you’re not in the room? Who will advocate for you, connect you with the people you need to know? They’re the ones who can speak for you when you’re not at the table.”

Among her team, she cultivates a work environment of empowerment, where team members, regardless of seniority, are trusted to make big decisions, take risks, safe in the knowledge that she has their back: “It’s natural that we may make mistakes, so long as we try to learn from them. Looking back at those mentors who have given me the space to grow, it’s through being more hands-off. And I try to bring that growth-mindset ethos to the lab whenever I can.”



Chetna Malhotra: “I had no idea that I would one day become a scientist”

“When you see patients, it’s one patient at a time. This was an opportunity to make an impact on a bigger scale.”

Chetna Malhotra

Confidence underscores every word as Chetna Malhotra speaks of her work as a clinician-scientist, you’d be forgiven for thinking that this career had always been the plan.

But for much of her life, Malhotra, an associate professor and the deputy director for research at the Lien Centre for Palliative Care, had been preparing for a career of treating patients, having specialised in community medicine and public health.

That changed when she embarked on a master’s in public health at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. “That triggered my research interest,” said Malhotra. It also brought the realisation that as a clinician-scientist, she can have an even bigger societal impact.

That societal impact turned out to lie in the field of palliative care in Singapore. “I became involved in writing the first national strategy for palliative care after I moved to Duke-NUS in 2011,” she explained. A new investigator grant followed and today, Malhotra helms a team of 10 clinician-scientists and researchers, all dedicated to improving end-of-life care. And all women.

“It is very empowering. I feel very lucky to be surrounded by such a fantastic team,” she said.

Three of the postdocs from her team, having secured their own grants, are now on their way to independent research careers. “That makes me so proud,” said Malhotra.

But academia remains a field where challenges abound. “I wish I’d know about all the challenges ahead,” she said. “But then, maybe I would not have tried…”

Anchored by “a very strong mother” and a husband who’s a fellow researcher (“I can talk to him about anything”), Malhotra is content to discover what challenges still lie ahead as she focuses her work on integrating technology into the delivery of care to patients and caregivers, something she hopes will be truly transformative.

Her advice to herself and others?

“No matter what comes your way, keep faith in yourself. There is a path forward.”



Wang Hongyan: To boldly go where no one has gone before

“Doing research is like a puzzle. Nobody can put all the parts together on the first go. So, you just keep trialling different strategies, looking for interesting clues that help you figure out whether the new piece fits here or somewhere else. It’s fun.”

Wang Hongyan

She may be a programme director and tenured professor, but Wang Hongyan is by no means done.

“We are moving from Drosophila to the mammalian system to try to understand the mysteries of the human brain—the basic mechanisms of brain development and what goes wrong in neurodevelopmental disorders,” said Wang, who works on an often-overlooked area of the neural stem cell life cycle, essential to maintaining and repairing the brain.

“Can we stimulate our endogenous neural stem cells, particularly those that are quiescent, to generate new neurons for treating neurological diseases and slowing ageing? That would be my dream,” she said.

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This courage, to go where no one has gone before, has shaped her scientific career from the start:

“As a new PI, I took on some safe projects to help secure my academic position but I also invested in adventurous, more risky projects. It was those that helped me open a new door,” said Wang, who moved from asymmetric cell division to dedifferentiation before landing on neural stem cell reactivation, each move a bold venture into the next unexplored territory.

Her ingredients for success? The right environment, good mentors who offer encouragement and advice, and a high-performing team. And standing up for herself.

“Sometimes women give up too much of themselves. But you don’t live for others; you live for yourself,” she said. “Put your own interests first, make sure you are doing well and then everything will come together.”

Put another way, making choices and owning them. For Wang, this has come down to focusing on quality over quantity—whether in research or at home. Surrounding herself with people who share her vision and values has been critical. 

“I had lots of support at home from my husband and parents. That helped me become slightly more hands-off. And that was something I needed to be in the lab as well because when you become a senior PI, you can’t always be hands-on. Empowering others is crucial for their future independence.”

But learning how to manage a lab is something that Wang had to acquire the hard way: Finding the right people who didn’t just have the talent but would thrive as a part of her lab, took time.

Now, her greatest fulfilment comes from helping others in the lab, as well as junior faculty in her programme and across the School.

Apart from having the courage to explore new areas of research, Wang has one other piece of advice for those starting out: “As a PI, you have to be careful to not always feel contented, especially as your career starts to take off, but be conscious about areas where you can improve. So find mentors who will help point out your weaknesses too.”
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